Did women have a Renaissance in Early Modern Europe Essay - 2

Did women have a Renaissance in Early Modern Europe - Essay Example This period also saw the cropping up of secularism in which people started focusing on worldly ideas and ignored God (Kreis, 1). Life became something to enjoy and not a difficult journey to heaven as it was before. Renaissance was more defined among men than it was to women. Everywhere across Europe, women were not accorded respect. They were placed under the shadow of their husband by the ancient society. They had limited education, enlightenment and exposure. Their husband restricted them to domestic activities as it was recommended by the society. Even with the early European modernization, women still lagged behind in the society where men led. During the early modernization in Europe, women had no renaissance because they had no enough experience. They were characterized with less knowledge compared to men due to their low education. Although many schools were opened during renaissance, they were attended by men (Kelly-Gadol, 24). This restricted women from getting adequate education that could give them renaissance. Most of the women remained at home to run all domestic chores. Only women from wealthy families could get higher education as they could afford private teachers. These were however restricted from learning some things such as man art. All the stakeholders in the education sectors and decision makers could not allow women in schools because society did not allow women to participate in public activities (Kelly-Gadol, 15). At his time going to school was taken to be a public activity. The educated women tried to set the example to the uneducated. This challenged them to work hard to be educated although even wi th their education they were seen lesser than men. The learned women could remarry when widowed as the case in lecturer 1 where a woman widowed four times was still looking for a husband. In arts, the women artists had similar background as the only those from wealthy families could be allowed to be artists (Clare,

Quantitative methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Quantitative methods - Essay Example For a method to qualify as a scientific method, anchorage of its assertions should be on empirical and measurable evidence, which is subject to specific principles of reasoning. In science, quantitative methods often measure results of qualitative research such as making an analysis of certain observations, patterns and relationships made. Measurements start with collecting data, and making the use of statistics in analysing this data. Accordingly, quantitative methods use information dealing with numbers and measurements, through tables and graphs, to show results, experiments as well as research. Through quantitative research, it is possible to relate the collected data to a larger population analyse the numerical data and use statistics to draw conclusions and recommendations. As such, if used properly, quantitative research can produce valuable scientific research. In communication studies, quantitative research can provide essential information on the impact of communication stu dies on students’ overall communication ability. Further, they can provide information on the effects of communication media to the quality of information or the different communication barriers and their effect in the communication process. 2. Validity is the extent to which a research instrument successfully measures what it should measure and perform what it is supposed to perform. Although no instrument has the capacity to produce 100% results, and be termed as fully valid, measurement of the validity of an instrument mostly is on degrees. Validation of an instrument is a process that involves collecting and analysing data, then subjecting it through statistical tests, which generally involves pilot testing. There are two methods of testing the validity of an instrument; external validity and content validity. External validity is the extent to which a study’s results can be generalized from a sample to a population. Content validity on the other hand refers to the appropriateness of the content of a particular measuring instrument, especially by answering questions whether the questions, observations or logos assess or major reason for conducting the study. Reliability of an instrument on the other hand in general is consistency. With consistency, we seek to answer the question as to whether the instrument consistently measures what it is intended to measure. Examples of communications applications valid measurement variables include the speed of sending or receiving information, the quality of information received, the likelihood of breakdown and finally the compatibility with the media. 3. There is a direct relationship between reliability and validity of measure. A study can be highly valid but have low validity qualities. This is because information contained in a study could be reliable but not valid in its context. Findings may be reliable or consistent across all studies but may not be valid, i.e. accurate and true statements about re lationships among the different variables. However, findings there is no way that findings could be valid if they are not reliable. To describe a communication instrument as reliable, it should produce consistent results every time it is performed. For instance, we can consider a communication variable such as communication climate. Some organizations may consider this as a reliable variable, but necessarily a valid measure of